The final action of the BEPS plan, Action 15, is titled "Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties". The BEPS Action Plan introduces numerous measures to prevent and combat cross-border tax avoidance while also strengthening the protection of taxpayer rights. However, how can these measures be

BEPS最后一个行动，也就是行动十五，行为名称为开发多边工具以修改双边税收协定（Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties）。 BEPS 行动计划提出很多防止及打击跨境避税，以及加强对纳税人利益保护的方案，但这些方案究竟如何有效落地实施？光有方案是不够的，要打击跨境避税则必须落实到每个国家或地区的法律中。国际税的法律体系中主要有两个组成部分：国内法及国际法，其中国际法在税务上主要代表就是双边税收协定（Bilateral Tax Treaties）。BEPS 行动计划中有很多反避税的措施都是透过修订双边税收协定来实现的，由于全世界绝大部分的税收协定都是基于OECD的税收协定模板而拟定的，因此作为BEPS推手的OECD可以指导各国如何完善双边协定来确保各行动计划的有效实施。

Most Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) actions are directly or indirectly aimed at preventing and combating tax avoidance by taxpayers. Surprisingly, however, there is one action that actively safeguards taxpayers' interests and is even classified as a Minimum Standard (i.e., all BEPS members must participate). Perhaps out

In the article “BEPS Action 11: What is Tax Avoidance?”, research conducted by BEPS suggested that increasing the disclosure requirements for multinational corporations (“MNCs”) regarding tax avoidance could help reduce such practices. As a result, the OECD introduced Mandatory Disclosure Rules (“MDR”) as part of BEPS Action 12. One of

One of the most crucial concepts in international taxation is Transfer Pricing (“TP”). TP requires that the pricing of transactions between related parties must align with comparable transactions between independent third parties. In other words, related-party pricing should match market prices to prevent multinational corporations from artificially shifting taxable profits

国际税最重要的概念之一是转移定价（Transfer Pricing，简称TP）。TP是指关联方交易的定价必须跟独立第三方可比较交易的定价一致，也就是确保关联方的定价跟市场价格一致，避免跨国企业透过关联方交易的人为定价，将应税利润从高税率地向低税率地转移，让我们举例说明。 A国企业税前利润 100 元，税率 30%，因此所得税费 30元。B国企业为A国企业的关联方，B国位于避税地，税率为0%。当B国企业向A国企业提供服务（比如是管理服务），并将价格定为100 元，那么A国企业税前利润从100元降为0元，A国所得税费降至0；B国企业税前利润增加至100元，由于税率为 0%，因此也无需缴纳任何所得税费用。税务筹划前，两家企业合计缴纳税费30元；税务筹划后，两家企业都无需纳税。 在TP的规定下，B国企业向A国企业提供的服务必须参照独立第三方之间的定价。如果管理服务在市场上只值10 元，那么A国税务局就只允许税前抵扣10 元而非100元，税前利润则从0元增加至90元，所得税费用就从原来的0元调增至27元，最大程度减少了避税的影响。 虽然税务局可以利用TP打击避税，不过道高一尺魔高一丈，企业

BEPS Action 6, titled Preventing the Granting of Treaty Benefits in Inappropriate Circumstances, is one of the four minimum standards of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) initiative. This means that all BEPS member countries are required to implement this action plan, underscoring its importance and universality. The primary

BEPS行动六是《防止在不恰当的情况给予税收优惠》（Preventing the Granting of Treaty Benefits in Inappropriate Circumstances），属于BEPS四个最低标准（Minimum Standard）之一，即BEPS的成员必须落实这个行动计划，凸显了这个行动的重要性及普遍性。 BEPS行动六主要为了防止企业滥用税收协定优惠，而对税收协定加入各种反避税反滥用条款，包括： * 税收协定中增加一个声明，明确税收协定的目的之一是避免企业为了不征税或少征税而创造逃税或避税的机会 * 增加具体反避税规则：利益限制规则（Limitation on benefits，LOB），明确企业在什么情况下才能符合满足税收协定的优惠资格，避免很多利用税收协定避税的情形 * 增加一般反避税规则：主要目的测试（Principle Purpose Test，PPT），即只要企业的交易或安排中的其中一个主要目的就是为了避税，那么就可以不给予税收优惠 * 增加其他具体反避税规则，包括加入股权持有时间、加入固定资产占比的生效时间、双重税收居民等 *

The BEPS initiative comprises 15 action plans, but only four of them are mandatory for all participating countries, referred to as Minimum Standards. BEPS Action 5 is one of these Minimum Standards, making its impact on international tax far greater than the non-mandatory actions. BEPS Action 5 is titled Countering

BEPS一共有十五个行动计划，但只有其中四个行动是BEPS参与国必须落实的，称为最低标准（Minimum Standard），而行动五就是其中一个。由于所有参与国必须落实，因此这个行动对国际税的影响远大于其他非最低标准的行动。 BEPS行动五名为：更有效地打击有害的税收制度，并考虑透明度和经济实质（Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively, Taking into Account Transparency and Substance）。这项行动主要有三项内容，包括： * 评估并打击世界各国或地区（国家/地区后续简称“地方”）潜在有害的税收优惠制度。确认可能会促进跨国企业避税的有害税收制度特征，并有可能对其他地方产生不公平的税收影响。 * 通过监控及相互检查，增强世界各地给予纳税人税收裁决（Tax Rulings）的透明度，打击企业利用不透明的税收裁决进行避税。 * 对免税或名义上征税的地方实施经济实质性规定（Economic Substance），确保世界各地之间公平的竞争环境。

One of the most significant developments in international taxation over the past century is undoubtedly the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative. In recent years, numerous anti-tax avoidance measures have been introduced across various countries as a result of BEPS, including Economic Substance, Controlled Foreign Corporation (CFC) rules, Thin

百年来国际税最重要的发展，可以说是税基侵蚀及利润转移（Base Erosion and Profit Shifting，简称BEPS）。近年大量的反避税措施都是因为BEPS而在大量国家引进，包括经济实质性（Economic Substance）、受控境外企业（Controlled Foreign Corporation，简称CFC），资本弱化（Thin Capitalization），混合错配（Hybrid Mismatch）等。BEPS是近代国际税规模最大的一次反避税行动，并深刻影响今后的国际税务规则。

Common Reporting Standard (“CRS”) is a framework developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) in 2014, modeled after the US’s Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”). By the end of 2020, 109 countries and regions worldwide had implemented CRS. In recent years, CRS has become a